| Q-7342 — 13 juin 2012 — — En ce qui concerne les semences, les cultures et les aliments génétiquement modifiés : a) quelles sont les constatations ou les conclusions des examens auxquels le gouvernement a soumis chacune des études suivantes, (i) Aziz Arisa, Samuel Leblanc, « Maternal and fetal exposure to pesticides associated to genetically modified foods in Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada ». Reproductive Toxicology (2011), doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.02.004; [http://www.uclm.es/Actividades/repositorio/pdf/doc_3721_4666.pdf], (ii) T. Watanabe, T. Iwase, « Developmental and dysmorphogenic effects of glufosinate ammonium on mouse embryos in culture ». Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 1996; 16:287-299; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9178451], (iii) G.S. Johal, D.M. Huber, « Glyphosate effects on diseases of plants ». European Journal of Agronomy (2009) 31:144-152; [http://www.certifiedorganic.bc.ca/rcbtoa/services/huber-glyphosates-2009.pdf], (iv) Aaron J. Gassmann, Jennifer L. Petzold-Maxwell, Ryan S. Keweshan, Mike W. Dunbar, « Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Maize by Western Corn Rootworm ». (2011) PLoS ONE 6(7) : e22629. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.002269 [http://www.plosone.org/article/citationList.action;jsessionid=04DCC2DA2B1593F5B13D0D0E3FA50476?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022629], (v) Bruce Tabashnik et Fred Gould, « Delaying Corn Rootworm Resistance to Bt Corn », Journal of Economic Entomology - Entomological Society of America (2012); [http://www.entsoc.org/press-releases/larger-refuges-needed-sustain-success-transgenic-corn], (vi) A. Pusztai, « Can science give us the tools for recognizing possible health risks of GM food? ». Nutrition and Health (2002) 16:73-84; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12102369], (vii) J.A. Magana-Gomez, A.M. de la Barca, « Risk assessment of genetically modified crops for nutrition and health ». Nutrition Reviews (2009) 67:1-16; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19146501], (viii) Andrea Borchers, Suzanne S. Teuber, Carl L. Keen, M. Eric Gershwin, « Food safety ». Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology (2010) 39:95–141; [http://www.alergia.org.ar/profesionales/emc/prodaai2011/web/material/13_parisi/03.pdf], (ix) Gilles-Eric Séralini, Robin Mesnage, Emilie Clair, Steeve Gress, Joël S de Vendômois et Dominique Cellier, « Genetically modified crops safety assessments: Present limits and possible improvements ». Environmental Sciences Europe (2011), 23:10 DOI:10.1186/2190-4715-23-10. [http://www.enveurope.com/content/23/1/10], (x) Gilles-Eric Séralini, Joël Spiroux de Vendômois, Dominique Cellier, Charles Sultan, Marcello Buiatti, Lou Gallagher, Michael Antoniou, Krishna R. Dronamraju, « How Subchronic and Chronic Health Effects can be Neglected for GMOs, Pesticides or Chemicals ». International Journal of Biological Sciences (2009) 5:438-443; [http://www.biolsci.org/v05p0438.htm], (xi) Appenzeller LM, Munley SM, Hoban D, Sykes GP, Malley LA, Delaney B, « Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-O9814O-6 in Sprague-Dawley rats ». Food and Chemical Toxicology (2009) 47:2269-2280; [http://www.enveurope.com/content/23/1/10], (xii) IV Ermakova, « Influence of soy with gene EPSPS CP4 on the physiological state and reproductive functions of rats in the first two generations ». Académie russe des sciences naturelles - Modern problems of science and education. no 5, (2009). UDC: 612.82, 57.02, (xiii) Joël Spiroux de Vendômois, François Roullier, Dominique Cellier, Gilles-Eric Séralini, « A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian Health ». International Journal of Biological Sciences (2009); 5(7):706-726. [http://www.biolsci.org/v05p0706.htm], (xiv) Artemis Dona, Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis, « Health Risks of Genetically Modified Foods ». Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (2009); 49:164–175; [http://www.somloquesembrem.org/img_editor/file/Dona&Arvanitoyannis2009.pdf], (xv) Jack A. Heinemann, « Report on animals exposed to GM ingredients in animal feed ». (2009) Gendora / Commerce Commission of New Zealand; [https://senate.aph.gov.au/submissions/comittees/viewdocument.aspx?id=bc216ec5-64ed-4033-9ac7-65eed8eaa488], (xvi) Laura M Appenzeller, Linda Malley, Susan A MacKenzie, Denise Hoban, Bryan Delaney, « Subchronic feeding study with genetically modified stacked trait lepidopteran and coleopteran resistant (DAS-O15O7-1xDAS-59122-7) maize grain in Sprague-Dawley rats ». Food and Chemical Toxicology (2009) 47:1512-1520, (xvii) LM Appenzeller, SM Munley, D Hoban, GP Sykes, LA Malley, B Delaney, « Subchronic feeding study of herbicide-tolerant soybean DP-356O43-5 in Sprague-Dawley rats ». Food and Chemical Toxicology (2008) 46:2201-2213, (xviii) Mae Wan Ho, « GM DNA Does Jump Species: Antibiotic Resistance not the Only Risk ». Institute for Science in Society (2010) ISIS Report 14/06/10 [http://www.i-sis.org.uk/GMDNA_Does_Jump_Species.php], (xx) A Velimirov, C Binter, J Zentek, « Biological effects of transgenic maize K603xMON810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice ». (2008) Report, Forschungsberichte der Sektion IV, Band 3. Institut für Ernährung, and Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau, Vienne, Autriche [http://www.biosicherheit.de/pdf/aktuell/zentek_studie_2008.pdf], (xxi) Manuela Malatesta, Federica Boraldi, Giulia Annovi, Beatrice Baldelli, SeraWna Battistelli, Marco Biggiogera, Daniela Quaglino, « A long-term study on female mice fed on a genetically modified soybean: Effects on liver ageing ». Histochem Cell Biol (2008) 130:967–977 DOI 10.1007/s00418-008-0476-x; [http://www.somloquesembrem.org/img_editor/file/fetgeratessojaMalatesta2008(2).pdf], (xxii) M Malatesta, F Perdoni, G Santin, S Battistelli, S Muller, M Biggiogera, « Hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells as a model for investigating the effects of low concentrations of herbicide on cell structure and function ». Toxicology In Vitro (2008) 22:1853-1860, (xxiii) B Cisterna, F Flach, L Vecchio, SM Barabino, S Battistelli, TE Martin, M Malatesta, M Biggiogera, « Can a genetically-modified organism-containing diet influence embryo development? A preliminary study on pre-implantation mouse embryos ». European Journal of Histochemistry (EJH). (2008) 52:263-7, (xxiv) A Finamore, M Roselli, S Britti, G Monastra, R Ambra, A Turrini, E Mengheri, « Intestinal and peripheral immune response to MON810 maize ingestion in weaning and old mice ». Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2008) 56:11533-11539, (xxv) A Kilic, MT Akay, « A three generation study with genetically modified Bt corn in rats: Biochemical and histopathological investigation ». Food and Chemical Toxicology (2008): 46(3): 1164-1170, (xxvi) S Kroghsbo, C Madsen, M Poulsen, M Schrøder, PH Kvist, M Taylor, A Gatehouse, Q Shu, I Knudsen, « Immunotoxicological studies of genetically modified rice expressing PHA-E lectin or Bt toxin in Wistar rats ». Toxicology (2008) 12: 245:24-34, (xxvii) Massimo Trabalza-Marinucci, Giorgio Brandi, Cristina Rondini, Luca Avellini, Camilla Giammarini, Silva Costarelli, Gabriele Acuti, Chiara Orlandi, Giovanni Filippini, Elisabetta Chiaradia, Manuela Malatesta, Silvia Crotti, Chiara Antonini, Giulia Amagliani, Elisabetta Manuali, Anna Rita Mastrogiacomo, Livia Moscati, Mohamed Naceur Haouet, Alberto Gaiti, Mauro Magnani, « A three year longitudinal study on the effects of a diet containing genetically modified Bt176 maize on the health status and performance on sheep ». Livestock Science (2008)113:178–190; [http://www.somloquesembrem.org/img_editor/file/Trabalzaetal2008Bt176ovejas.pdf], (xxviii) Y Sakamoto, Y Tada, N Fukumori, K Tayama, H Ando, H Takahashi, Y Kubo, A Nagasawa, N Yano, K Yuzawa, A Ogata, « A 104-week feeding study of genetically modified soybeans in f344 rats ». Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zassh. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan. (2008) 49(4):272-82, (xxix) GE Séralini, D Cellier, JS de Vendomois, « New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity. » Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. (2007) 52:596-602, (xxx) SA MacKenzie, I Lamb, J Schmidt, L Deege, MJ Morrisey, M Harper, RJ Layton, LM Prochaska, C Sanders, M Locke, JL Mattsson, A Fuentes, B Delaney, « Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-O15O7-1 in Sprague-Dawley rats ». Food and Chemical Toxicology. (2007) 45:551-562, (xxxi) GG Guerrero, WM Russel, L Moreno-Fierros, « Analysis of the cellular immune response induced by Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxins in mice: Effect of the hydrophobic motif from diphtheria toxin ». Molecular Immunology (2007); 44:1209-1217, (xxxii) José L. Domingo. « Toxicity studies of genetically modified plants: A review of the published literature ». Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 47:721–733 (2007); [http://www.biosafety.ru/ftp/domingo.pdf], (xxxiii) Joe Cummins, « Glyphosate resistance in weeds: The Transgenic Treadmill ». Institute for Science in Society, (2010) ISIS Report 03/03/10. [http://www.i-sis.org.uk/glyphosateResistanceTransgenicTreadmil.php], (xxxiv) A Pusztai, S Bardocz, « GMO in animal nutrition potential benefits and risks ». Dans « Biology of Nutrition in Growing Animals » (sous la direction de Mosenthin, R. Zentek, J. et Zebrowska, T.), Elsevier Limited (2006), p. 513-540, (xxxv) Gilles-Eric Séralini, Robin Mesnage, Emilie Clair, Steeve Gress, Joël S de Vendômois,Dominique Cellier, « Genetically modified crops safety assessments: present limits and possible improvements ». Environmental Sciences Europe (2011), 23:10 doi:10.1186/2190-4715-23-10 [http://www.enveurope.com/content/23/1/10], (xxxvi) Nora Benachour et Gilles-Eric Séralini, « Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical, embryonic, and placental cells ». Chemical Research in Toxicology (2009) 22: 97–105; [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/tx800218n?prevSearch=Glyphosate%2Bformulations%2Binduce%2Bapoptosis%2Band%2Bnecrosis%2Bin%2Bhuman%2Bumbilical%252C%2Bembryonic%252C%2Band%2Bplacental%2Bcells&searchHistoryKey=], (xxxvii) G Gasnier, C Dumont, N Benachour, E Clair, MC Changon, GE Séralini, « Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines ». Toxicology (2009) 21:262:184-191, (xxxviii) Michael Antoniou, Paulo Brack, Andrés Carrasco, John Fagan, Mohamed Habib, Paulo Kageyama, Carlo Leifert, Rubens Onofre Nodari, Walter Pengue, « GM Soy: Sustainable? Responsible? ». GLS Gemeinschaftsbank eG www.gls.de / ARGE Gentechnik-frei (2010) [http://www.gmwatch.eu/images/pdf/gm_full_eng_v15.pdf], (xxxiv) P. Jost, D. Shurley, S. Culpepper, P. Roberts, R. Nichols, J. Reeves et S. Anthony, « Economic comparison of transgenic and nontransgenic cotton production systems in Georgia ». Agronomy Journal (2008) 100, 42-51. (doi:10.2134/agronj2006.0259); [http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/17545/PDF], (xl) Olivier De Schutter, Rapport du Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l’alimentation. Nations Unies A/HRC/16/49 Assemblée générale, seizième session, article 3 à l’ordre du jour (20 décembre 2010) [http://www.srfood.org/images/stories/pdf/officialreports/20110308_a-hrc-16-49_agroecology_fr.pdf], (xli) ZD Zhang, S Weissmann, M Snyder, « What is a gene, post-ENCODE? History and updated definition ». Genome Research 2007; 17:669-681; [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/17/6/669.full], (xlii) Joe Cummins, « Glyphosate resistance in weeds: The Transgenic Treadmill ». Institute for Science in Society, ISIS Report, 03 March 2010. [http://www.i-sis.org.uk/glyphosateResistanceTransgenicTreadmil.php], (xliii) Brett Cherry, « GM crops increase herbicide use in the United States ». Institute for Science in Society Report, ISIS Report 18/01/10. [http://www.i-sis.org.uk/GMcropsIncreasedHerbicide.php], (xliv) Ismail Cakmak, Atilla Yazici, Yusuf Tutus, Levent Ozturk, « Glyphosate reduced seed and leaf concentrations of calcium, magnesium, manganese, and iron in non-glyphosate resistant soybean ». European Journal of. Agronomy (2009); 31:114-119; [http://stopogm.net/webfm_send/54], (xlv) MR Fernandez, RP Zentner, P Basnyat, D Gehl, F Selles et DM Huber, « Glyphosate associations with cereal diseases caused by Fusarium spp. in the Canadian Prairies ». European Journal of Agronomy (2009) 31:133-143 [http://www4.agr.gc.ca/abstract-resume/abstract-resume.htm?lang=eng&id=15979000000229], (xlvi) T Yamada, RJ Kremer, PR Camargo e Castro, BW Wood, « Glyphosate interactions with physiology, nutrition, and diseases of plants: Threat to agricultural sustainability? ». European Journal of Agronomy (2009) 31:111-113; [http://stopogm.net/webfm_send/131], (xlvii) IJ Mauro, SM McLachlan, « Farmer knowledge and risk analysis: Postrelease evaluation of herbicide-tolerant canola in Western Canada ». Risk Analysis (2008) 28:463-76, (xlviii) IJ Mauro, SM McLachlan, RC Van Acker, « Farmer knowledge and a priori risk analysis: Pre-release evaluation of genetically modified Roundup Ready wheat across the Canadian prairies ». Environmental Science and Pollution Research International (2009); 16:689-701, (xlix) S Bott, T Tesfamariam, A Kania, B Eman, N Aslan, V Roemheld, G Neumann, « Phytotoxicity of glyphosate soil residues re-mobilised by phosphate fertilization ». Plant Soil (2011) 315:2-11. DOI 10, 1007/s11104-010-06989-3, (li) RJ Kremer, NE Means, « Glyphosate and glyphosate-resistant crop interactions with rhizosphere microorganisms ». European Journal of Agronomy. (2009). 31:153-161, (lii) Miranda M. Hart, Jeff R. Powell, Robert H. Gulden, David J. Levy-Booth, Kari E. Dunfield, K. Peter Pauls, Clarence J. Swanton, John N. Klironomos et Jack T. Trevors, « Detection of transgenic cp4 epsps genes in the soil food web ». Agronomy for Sustainable Development (2009); volume 29, numéro 4, 497-501, DOI: 10.1051/agro/2009020, (liii) JS de Vendômois, D Cellier, C Vélot, E Clair, R Mesnage, GE Séralini, « Debate on GMOs Health Risks after Statistical Findings in Regulatory Tests ». International Journal of Biological Science (2010) 6:590-598, (liv) Mae Wan Ho, « Scientists discover new route for GM-gene “Escape” ». Institute for Science in Society Report (2011), ISIS Report 02/03/11. [http://www.i-sis.org.uk/new_route_for_GM_gene_escape.php]; b) quelles mesures le gouvernement a-t-il prises à la suite des examens auxquels il a soumis ces études; c) le gouvernement apportera-t-il des modifications aux règlements régissant les cultures et les aliments génétiquement modifiés par suite de ces études scientifiques; d) comment le gouvernement s’y prend-il pour examiner les résultats de recherches (i) indépendantes et (ii) commandées par l’industrie sur les semences, les cultures et les aliments génétiquement modifiés; e) dans quelle mesure le gouvernement s’en remet-il aux données scientifiques fournies par les sociétés qui cherchent à faire approuver leurs nouveaux produits? |